Early Islamic Art Is Described as Eclectic Due to Its

Complex of multiple built objects

This modern mosque in the Academy of Indonesia with its multi-tiered roofs follows the traditional architecture of a mosque establish in the Indonesian archipelago.

Mosque architecture in Indonesia refers to the architectural traditions of mosques congenital in the archipelago of Republic of indonesia. Initial forms of the mosque, for example, were predominantly congenital in the vernacular Indonesian architectural style mixed with Hindu, Buddhist or Chinese architectural elements, and notably didn't equip orthodox form of Islamic architectural elements such as dome and minaret. Vernacular architectural style varies depending on the island and region.

Since the 19th century, the mosques began incorporating more orthodox styles which were imported during the Dutch colonial era. Architectural style during this era is characterized by Indo-Islamic or Moorish Revival architectural elements, with onion-shaped dome and arched vault. Minaret was not introduced to full extent until the 19th century, and its introduction was accompanied by the importation of architectural styles of Western farsi and Ottoman origin with the prominent usage of calligraphy and geometric patterns. During this fourth dimension, many of the older mosques congenital in traditional mode were renovated, and small domes were added to their foursquare hipped roofs.

History [edit]

Islam spread gradually in Indonesia from the twelfth century onwards, and especially during the 14th and 15th centuries. The advent of Islam did non atomic number 82 to the introduction of a new building tradition merely saw the appropriation of existing architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements.

Early Islamic architecture [edit]

This multi-tiered pavilion in Bali (wantilan) is similar in class with some of the earliest mosques in Indonesia.

While many of the earliest Islamic structures in Java and well-nigh all of them in Sumatra did not survive,^[one] primarily due to the effects of climate on decayable edifice materials, the permanent construction was not considered a priority for Muslim prayer, as whatever clean and open up space could accommodate communal prayers.^[two]

Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java. The feature of Javanese Islamic architecture includes multi-tiered roofs, formalism gateways, four central posts that support a soaring pyramidal roof, and a diversity of decorative elements such as elaborate dirt finials for roof peaks. The multi-tiered roofs are derived from the tiered meru roof found in Balinese temple. Some early on Javanese Islamic architectures resemble a Majapahit era candi or gates.^[1]

The oldest surviving Indonesian mosques are quite large and in most cases were closely associated with palaces.^[3] The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia is the Great Mosque of Demak which is the royal mosque of the Sultanate of Demak, although this is not the oldest Islamic construction. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in Sultanate of Cirebon, Cirebon. The palace complex contains a chronogram which tin be read as the Saka equivalent of 1454 CE. Early Islamic palaces retain many features of pre-Islamic architecture which is apparent in the gates or drum towers. The Kasepuhan Palace was probably begun in the late pre-Islamic period and connected to grow during the Hinduism-to-Islam transitional period. The complex contains clues to the stages of the process of the gradual changes equally Islam becomes incorporated into Indonesian architecture. Ii of the Hindu features adopted into Islam in the Palace are the two types of gateways - the split portal (candi bentar) which provides access to the public audience pavilion and the lintel gate (paduraksa) which leads to the frontcourt.^{[ citation needed ]}

Minarets was not originally an integral part in Indonesian mosque.^[one] The Menara Kudus Mosque's tower was built in a Javanese Hindu brick temple style,^[4] This belfry is not used as a minaret, only as a place for bedug, a huge drum which is beaten to the summons to prayer in Indonesia. This belfry is like to the Drumtowers of Hindu Balinese temples called kul-kul. These suggest a continuation of an earlier Hindu-Buddhist menses into the Islamic era in Indonesia.^[one]

Traditionally, mosque establishment in Indonesia began with the opening or buy of land for the mosque. Side by side is the first construction of the mosque, ofttimes using traditional material such equally bamboo and thatched roof. The mosque will eventually be made into a permanent mosque and later gradually extended to arrange the increasing population.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some examples of the pre-colonial mosques in Republic of indonesia

Colonial period [edit]

Domes and pointed arches, well-known features in primal, south and southwest Asia did not appear in Republic of indonesia until the 19th century when they were introduced by Dutch influence over local rulers. Indonesian scholars became familiar with the Near Eastern influence as they began to visit Islamic centers in Arab republic of egypt and India.^[5]

Domes in Indonesia follow the form of the Indian and Persian onion-shaped dome. These domes first appear in Sumatra. The Thousand Mosque of Riau Sultanate in Penyengat Isle is the oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia with a dome. There is an indication that the Rao Rao Mosque of West Sumatra employs a dome in its early pattern.^[half-dozen] The adoption of dome in mosques of Coffee was slower than information technology is in Sumatra.^[6] The oldest domed mosque in Java is probably Jami Mosque of Tuban (1928), followed by Great Mosque of Kediri and Al Makmur Mosque of Tanah Abang in Dki jakarta.^[6]

Some examples of the colonial era mosques in Republic of indonesia

Postal service-independence [edit]

Subsequently the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many older mosques built in traditional mode were renovated and small domes were added to their foursquare hipped roofs. Probably it was built in imitation of like modifications made to the principal mosque in the regional upper-case letter nearby.^[5]

Since the 1970s, the appropriateness of traditional buildings has been politically acknowledged, and some layered hipped forms have been reinstated. President Suharto contributed to this trend during the 1980s by instigating the Amal Bakti Muslim Pancasila Foundation which subsidized the erection of small mosques in less prosperous communities. The standardized blueprint of these mosques includes 3 hipped roofs above a foursquare prayer hall, reminiscent of the Cracking Mosque of Demak.^[v]

Today, mosque architecture in Republic of indonesia breaks apart from the multi-tiered traditions of traditional Javanese mosques. Most mosques in Indonesia today follows the Near Eastern influence e.g. Western farsi, Standard arabic, or Ottoman style architecture.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some examples of the post-independence era mosques in Indonesia
Slap-up Mosque of Key Java, completed in 2006, shows an eclectic mixture of Javanese, European, and Middle Eastern architectural traditions.^[7]

By region [edit]

Coffee [edit]

The Great Mosque of Demak, one of the oldest surviving mosques in Republic of indonesia, shows the typical Javanese architecture for the mosque with its multi-tiered roof, a mode which will exist emulated across the Indonesian archipelago.

The earliest mosques in Java were congenital in the mid-15th century onwards, although there is an earlier reference to mosques in the 14th-century Majapahit capital.^{[ citation needed ]}

Most of the earliest mosques in Coffee typically include multi-tiered roofs. A serambi (roofed porch) attached to the front of the mosque. The minimum number of tiers is 2 whilst the maximum is five. The top of the roof is decorated with a clay decoration called the mustoko or memolo. Sometimes the roof tiers represent a partition into separate floors each of which is used for a different function: the lower floor for prayer, middle floor for study, and height flooring for the call to prayer.^[8] Minarets were not introduced into Java until the 19th century and so that in a ane-storeyed mosque, the call to prayer is made from the attached serambi. The highest roof tier is supported by iv main pillars, called soko guru. In several of the oldest mosques, i of these pillars is fabricated of wooden splinters held together by metal bands (the significance of which is unknown).^{[ citation needed ]}

Inside the mosque there is a mihrab in the qibla wall and a wooden minbar. The mihrab niche is made of brick and is highly decorated with deep woods-carving derived from the pre-Islamic fine art of the surface area.^[8] The enclosure walls are fairly low and decorated with inset bowls and plates from Prc, Vietnam, and elsewhere. In the heart of the east side, there is a monumental gate. Some mosques, such as the mosque in Yogyakarta, are further enclosed past a moat.^[8]

Other characteristics of these early mosques are a peristyle, courtyard, and gates.^[nine]

Sumatra [edit]

Like to the mosques of Java, Sumatran mosques share the attributes of a Javanese mosque. Some anthropologists consider none of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survived.^[1]

In Aceh, the royal mosque was a center of armed resistance to the Dutch in the 1870s and therefore was destroyed in battle. Early prints testify information technology as a structure with wide-hipped roofs similar to those of a mosque still standing in the 17th-century citadel of Sultan Iskandar Muda.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Westward Sumatra, mosques, known as surau, suit the local way with the similar three- or 5-tiered roofs as the Javanese mosque, only with the characteristic Minangkabau 'horned' roof profile. The roof is supported on ranks of concentric columns, frequently focusing on towering cardinal support that reaches the apex of the edifice. Some mosques are built on islands in artificial ponds. Traditional Minangkabau woodcarvings may be implemented in the facade.^[5]

Many mosques in Pekanbaru and Riau adopt three- or five-tiered roofs similar to West Sumatra, but with a lack of prominent 'horned' roof profile. This gives the appearance of a Javanese-way mosque but with a taller profile.^{[ citation needed ]}

Borneo [edit]

A typical Banjarese mosque with its steep top roof and stilts.

The kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan was the beginning Hindu kingdom in Borneo to catechumen into Islam after receiving influence from the Sultanate of Demak of Java. The architectural style of the Banjarese mosque shares similarities with the mosques of the Demak sultanates, especially the Great Mosque of Demak. During the course of history, the Banjar develops its own architectural style. One of the master characteristics of Banjar mosque is the three- or a five-tiered roof with a steep top roof, compared to the relatively depression-angled roof of Javanese mosque. Another characteristic is the absence of serambi (roofed porch) in Banjarese mosques, a traditional characteristic in Javanese mosques. The Banjarese mosque way is similar to the mosques of W Sumatra and is possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.^[5]

Other characteristics are the employment of stilts in some mosques, a separate roof on the mihrab, the peaks of the roof are busy with finials called pataka (the mustoko/memolo of Demak Sultanates) made of Borneo ironwood, ornaments on the corner of the roofs called jamang, and fences within the perimeter of the mosque area called kandang rasi. Another difference with the mosques of Coffee is that the Banjarese mosques contain no serambi (roofed porch), a traditional feature in Javanese mosques.^{[ citation needed ]}

Banjar-style mosques tin be found in Banjarmasin and Pontianak. The mosque Masjid Tinggi in Bagan Serai, Malaysia, is a Banjar-manner mosque.^{[ citation needed ]}

Sulawesi [edit]

Mosques in Sulawesi follow the architectural fashion of Javanese mosque with multiple (ordinarily 3) tiered roofs.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Maluku and Papua [edit]

Islam came to Maluku in the late 15th century via Java, with the strongest impact was felt in the spice islands of Ternate and Tidore. Features in the oldest mosque in the islands, such as the Sultan'due south Mosque of Ternate, imitate features in the oldest Javanese mosques.^[five] Notwithstanding, mosques in Maluku lack a peristyle, terrace, courtyard, and gate, just retain the multi-tiered roof and centralized ground plan of Javanese mosques.^[i] The region of Papua contains few significant mosques, as the region is largely Christian.

Run into also [edit]

List of mosques in Indonesia
Islam in Indonesia

Footnotes [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Compages. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN981-3018-thirty-5.
^ Wiryomartono, 2009, p. 34. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWiryomartono,_2009 (help)
^ Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Printing. pp. 94–95. ISBN981-3018-30-5.
^ Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN981-3018-30-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^eastward ^f Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN981-3018-30-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mukhlis PaEni (2009). Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia: Arsitektur (in Indonesian). Djakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. pp. 251–255. ISBN9789797692704.
^ Wiryomartono, 2009, p. 43. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWiryomartono,_2009 (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. pp. 131–134. ISBN9780203203873 . Retrieved January vi, 2013.
^ Miksic, John (1996). Ancient History. Singapore: Archipelago Printing. pp. 126–127. ISBN981-3018-26-7.

Bibliography [edit]

Bagoes Wiryomartono (2009): A Historical View of Mosque Architecture in Republic of indonesia, The Asia Pacific Periodical of Anthropology, 10:one, 33-45

matsumurarethen90.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia